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Fair Use in the U.S. Economy – 2025 Edition

A range of exceptions to copyright protection under U.S. law, classified here under the broad heading of fair use, sustain companies that represent nearly one-fifth of total U.S. GDP. This study finds that in 2023, value added by fair use industries was 18 percent of the U.S. economy, employing 1 in 7 U.S. workers, and contributing $4.9 trillion to U.S. GDP. From 2017 to 2023, the real output of these primary core industries accounted for 15.7 percent of real GDP growth. Moreover, as the training of artificial intelligence relies on fair use, these figures are poised to grow further.

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About Research Center

The CCIA Research Center is the industry’s trusted source for data and analytics on the connected economy. The Research Center conducts a program of statistical and economic research to inform policymakers, industry, and the public with empirical data, industry surveys, and studies on critical issues affecting the connected economy.

Launched in 2022, the Research Center combines decades of economic expertise and empirical research experience with trusted partners in data and analytics to bring all connected economy stakeholders accurate and up-to-date information on the issues that matter most. By providing industry, consumers, and policymakers with empirical evidence they can trust, the Research Center aims to contribute to a culture of sound, data-based economic policy and an informed public.

The Center works with leading third party economists and researchers to provide empirical insights on the connected economy and related public policy issues.

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Research

Fair Use in the U.S. Economy – 2025 Edition

A range of exceptions to copyright protection under U.S. law, classified here under the broad heading of fair use, sustain companies that represent nearly one-fifth of total U.S. GDP. This study fi…

    Copyright
Research

2025 Survey of Product Impact in the Connected Economy: Artificial Intelligence

The CCIA Research Center’s 2025 Survey of Product Impact in the Connected Economy: Artificial Intelligence finds that generative AI is the most rapidly adopted general purpose technology in history…

  • Digital Economy
Research

Costs to U.S. Companies from EU Digital Services Regulation

There has been a dramatic increase in EU regulation of the digital economy from the late 2010s through 2025, and the costs of these regulations to U.S. companies are becoming enormous: up to $97.6 …

  • Trade
Research

Estimating the impact on investment of a commercial TDM exception

  • Copyright
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Research

UK Live Streaming Survey Results

A new survey of UK residents finds that livestreaming has become one of the UK’s most valued and socially engaging forms of digital media, worth more than £17 billion (US$23 billion) annually to…

    Emerging Technology
Research

U.S. Firms Over-Targeted by EU Regulatory Enforcement

Between 2021 and May 2025, EU authorities imposed enormous financial penalties on U.S. companies, particularly technology companies, vastly exceeding U.S. fines on comparable EU companies. Notably,…

Research

Low Earth Orbit Broadband Access

LEO broadband has the potential to increase accessibility, reduce latency, and increase speed of high-speed connectivity. It has the potential to reach the 43.7 million Americans in urban, remote,…

  • Space & Spectrum
Research

Costs to U.S. Companies from EU Digital Regulation

EU legislation targeting tech has grown exponentially from 27 pages in 2015 to 931 pages in 2024. U.S. companies are the primary target of this digital regulation, which costs the typical covered c…

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Case Studies

Research

The Combined Impact of Statutory Damages and Secondary Liability in the U.S. Copyright Regime Under the Fourth Circuit Standard

Two aspects of U.S. federal copyright law combine to create disproportionately large awards in recent infringement cases, with no relationship to any actual harms: (a) plaintiffs’ ability to obta…

  • Copyright
Research

The Economic Importance of Fair Use for the Development of Generative Artificial Intelligence

The transformative economic impact of generative AI is likely measured in the trillions of dollars over the coming decades. However, the productivity gains from AI adoption and improvement depend o…

  • Emerging Technology
Research

Ensuring Antitrust Actually Promotes Competition in the Digital Economy: Evaluating Proposed Remedies in the Google Case

Leading academics evaluate proposed remedies in the Google Search antitrust case, and find that they include de facto regulatory proposals that threaten to disrupt beneficial competitive dynamics. …

  • Innovation Policy
Research

Leveraging Supply-Side Reforms To Promote Universal Broadband

  • Telecom